Bose einstein condensation at finite temperature 3 for repulsive atomic interactions, this reduction usually leads to a mean eld law. By continuing to use pastebin, you agree to our use of cookies as described in the cookies policy. In a fermi gas, bose einstein condensation of pairs was measured by ramping the scattering length to the bec side and detecting the resulting bimodal distribution condensation of pairs measured at unitarity 1a0 as a function of temperature. Boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases will be useful to newcomers to the field and will help researchers with diverse backgrounds communicate with each other. The ability to achieve condensation by sympathetic cooling with a different species may provide a route to the production. Einstein 192425 extended bose s idea to material particles predicted bec in an ideal quantum gas i w. Derivation of the grosspitaevskii equation for the. A good reference is the book bose einstein condensation in dilute gases by pethick and smith. Boseeinstein condensation and boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases both cover the basic theory at the level of the grosspitaevskii and bogoliubovde gennes equations. Written by world renowned experts in the field, this book gives a comprehensive overview of exciting developments in bose einstein condensation and superfluidity from a theoretical perspective. Written by world renowned experts in the field, this book gives a comprehensive overview of exciting. Bose einstein condensation definition, a phase of matter in which all bosons in a given physical system have been cooled to a temperature near absolute zero and enter the same quantum state. Drag force and superfluidity in the supersolid stripe phase of a spin. This phenomenon, first predicted by einstein in 1925 has been realized experimentally in 1995 in a remarkable series of experiments whose importance has been recognized.
Boseeinstein condensation by pitaevskii and coauthor sandro stringari, who is another major contributor to the recent theoretical literature, reflects the brief history just sketched. Although first proposed by einstein in 1924, bose einstein condensation bec in a gas was not achieved until 1995 when, using a combination of laser cooling and trapping, and magnetic trapping and evaporation, it was first observed in rubidium and then in lithium and sodium, cooled down to extremely low temperatures. Only 50% of pairs are bose einstein condensed at zero temperature strongly interacting gas. This is the first book devoted to bose einstein condensation bec as an interdisciplinary subject, covering atomic and molecular physics, laser physics, low temperature physics and astrophysics. In two dimensions these solutions to the nlse appear as a line or plane of depressed condensate density or light intensity, but numerical solu. It is an excellent text, a broad survey with some indepth discussions an excellent text such as this is needed in these exciting times. Cambridge core condensed matter physics, nanoscience and mesoscopic physics universal themes of bose einstein condensation edited by nick p. Theory of bose einstein condensation in trapped gases. The book is an introductory text to the physics of boseeinstein condensation. Theory of ultracold atomic fermi gases stefano giorgini, lev p. Meanfield theory provides a framework to understand the main features of the condensation and the role of interactions between particles. Lecture 2 the physics of bose einstein condensation. Mar 14, 2002 the early experiments on boseeinstein condensation in dilute atomic gases accomplished three longstanding goals. Critical readings and discussions with them in the journal club deepened my understanding of the phenomenon of the boseeinstein condensation and made me con.
But pitaevskii and stringaris book places less emphasis on what one might call the atomic physics aspects of dilute alkali gases. Feb 14, 2005 boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity key concepts in low temperature physics. Bose einstein condensation and superfluidity international series of monographs on physics series by lev pitaevskii. The ability to achieve condensation by sympathetic cooling with a different species may provide a route to the. He has developed in a systematic way the sum rule approach to.
This phenomenon, first predicted by einstein in 1925 has been realized experimentally in 1995 in a remarkable series of experiments whose importance has been recognized by the award of the 2001 nobel prize in physics. Roomtemperature boseeinstein condensation of cavity exciton. He has developed in a systematic way the sum rule approach to the collective behavior of interacting systems. Boseeinstein condensation of potassium atoms by sympathetic. This is the first book devoted to boseeinstein condensation bec as an interdisciplinary subject, covering atomic and molecular physics, laser physics, low temperature physics and astrophysics.
S giorgini, l pitaevskii and s stringari 1996 condensate frac. Stringari boseeinstein condensation, oxford university press 2003. The condensate is actually a new state of matter, where quantummechanical wave functions of. Bose einstein condensates of dilute gases offer a rich field to study fundamental quantummechanical processes, manipulation of the speed at which light propogates, observation of atomic pair. Universal themes of boseeinstein condensation edited by nick. Series of monographs on physics oxford university press 2003. This cited by count includes citations to the following articles in scholar. The discovery of bose einstein condensation mathematical description of bose einstein condensates experimental results bose einstein condensation lukassebeke university of stuttgart 041620, hauptseminarvortrag 5. We study analytically and numerically the generation of shock waves in a quasionedimensional boseeinstein condensate bec made of dilute and ultracold alkalimetal atoms. Citeseerx citation query boseeinstein condensation. Pdf theory of boseeinstein condensation in trapped gases. Boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity paperback.
Meanfield theory provides a framework to understand the main features of the. The phase diagram of a spinorbitcoupled twocomponent bose gas. The sudden collapse of bosons into the groundstate at temperatures below the bose temperature is known as bose einstein condensation. Providing a useful introduction to one of the most exciting field of physics today, this text will be of interest. Boseeinstein condensation is a phase transition in which a macroscopic number of. Boseeinstein condensation in this section we discuss the thermodynamic properties of the ideal bose gas.
In preparation for the numerics we scale the 3d grosspitaevskii equation and obtain a fourparameter model. This phenomenon, first predicted by einstein in 1925, has been realized experimentally in 1995 in a remarkable series of experiments whose importance has been recognized by the award of the 2001 nobel prize in physics. Written by world renowned experts in the field, this book gives a comprehensive overview of exciting developments in boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity from a. Now, polaritons are shown to condense at room temperature using a microcavity within an. Hiroaki enomoto belonging to professors ohba and nakazatos group. Bose einstein condensation by stringari and pitaevskii. Starting from the simplest case with onecomponent bec of the weakly interacting bosons, we. This book is an introductory text to the physics of bose einstein condensation. Shock waves in quasi onedimensional boseeinstein condensate.
To put these investigations on a quantitative level. We report on the bose einstein condensation of potassium atoms, whereby quantum degeneracy is achieved by sympathetic cooling with evaporatively cooled rubidium. Stringari pdf, epub ebook d0wnl0ad this book is an introductory text to the physics of bose einstein condensation. The gross pitaevskii equation gpe is discussed at the level of an advanced course on statistical physics. Boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity hardcover. Stringari boseeinstein condensation, oxford university press 2003 systematically employed. Ground states and dynamical properties of a dipolar bose einstein condensate are analyzed based on the gross pitaevskii poisson system gpps and its dimension reduction models under an anisotropic confining potential.
Bose 1924 quantum statistical treatment of photons i a. Bose einstein condensation represents a new state of matter and is one of the cornerstones of quantum physics, resulting in the 2001 nobel prize. Boseeinstein condensation in quantum gases, represents a winnertakesall phenomenon for networks, the. Gross pitaevskii equation for the order parameter and beyond cnrinfm. Theory of boseeinstein condensation in trapped gases physical. Einstein 192425 extended boses idea to material particles predicted bec in an ideal quantum gas i w. Bose einstein condensation of an ideal gas an ideal gas consisting of noninteracting bose particles is a.
Cambridge core condensed matter physics, nanoscience and mesoscopic physics universal themes of boseeinstein condensation edited by nick p. Bose einstein condensation bec is a phenomenon that occurs in a macroscopic system of bosons particles obeying bose einstein statistics at low temperatures. Boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity cern document. Ultracold atomic gases is a rapidly developing area of physics that attracts many young researchers around the world. Boseeinstein condensates of excitonpolaritons have been stabilized in a range of crystalline systems. We study the numerical solution of the timedependent grosspitaevskii equation gpe describing a boseeinstein condensate bec at zero or very low temperature. Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which point microscopic quantum phenomena, particularly wavefunction interference. In the standard literature the gpe is usually obtained in the framework of the second quantization formalism, which in many cases goes beyond the material covered in many advanced undergraduate courses. The book is an introductory text to the physics of bose einstein condensation. Recent major progress in atomic quantum gases main object of the present course 2bec can be defined at equilibrium superfluidity mainly related to transport phenomena natural link between bec and superfluidity provided by order parameter. Written by world renowned experts in the field, this book gives a comprehensive overview of exciting developments in boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity from a theoretical perspective. Lev pitaevskii, senior researcher, university of trento,sandro stringari, professor of theoretical physics, university of trento lev p.
Boseeinstein condensation remains, however, fundamental to the superfluid properties of helium4. Lev pitaevskii and sandro stringari, oxford university press, oxford, 2003. The aim of the infmcnr research and development center on boseeinstein condensation bec is to promote theoretical research on the various phenomena related to boseeinstein condensation and to the physics of cold atomic gases in traps. Bose einstein condensates portant, since bec in lower dimensions is not as simple as in 3d. The early experiments on bose einstein condensation in dilute atomic gases accomplished three longstanding goals. Numerical solution of the grosspitaevskii equation for bose. Some of the assumptions of the gross pitaevskii equation gpe are. First, cooling of neutral atoms into their motional ground state, thus.
We use cookies for various purposes including analytics. This book is an introductory text to the physics of boseeinstein condensation. A bose einstein condensate bec is a state of matter also called the fifth state of matter which is typically formed when a gas of bosons at low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero 273. This phenomenon, first predicted by einstein in 1925 has been. Superfluid helium4 is a liquid rather than a gas, which means that the interactions between the atoms are relatively strong. To observe pure condensation effects with other effects such as liquefaction, the atoms has to be well apart from each other. Gross pitaevskii equation in boseeinstein condensates. Stringari this book is an introductory text to the physics of bose einstein condensation. Bose einstein condensation international series of monographs on physics by l. Boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases in 1925 einstein. Nevertheless, such a mathematical model provides the simplest example for the realization of bose einstein condensation.
Bose einstein condensation definition of bose einstein. It makes special reference to the physics of ultracold atomic gases. We consider the case of spinless bosons so there is no spin factor in the density of states of section 4. Bose einstein condensate is a rare state or phase of matter in which a large percentage of bosons collapse into their lowest quantum state, allowing quantum effects to be observed on a macroscopic scale. Stringari, bose einstein condensation, clarendon press, oxford, 2003. Wieman led a team of physicists that created a nearly pure condensate by cooling a vapor of rubidium atoms to a temperature of.
Boseeinstein condensation is an exotic quantum phenomenon. Conclusions i below a critical temperature t c bose einstein condensation takes place. Various theoretical approaches to describing the physics of interacting bosons and of interacting fermi gases, giving rise to. Boseeinsteincondensation letn n c v l3 c g 32z ebe 0n l 3 c 2. Boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity international. Universal themes of boseeinstein condensation edited by. Boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity oxford. In this paper, we motivate the derivation of the gpe in relationship to concepts. Pitaevskii is a researcher at the cnr trento research center on bose einstein condensation and at the kapitza institute for physical problems in moscow.
I a mean eld approach leads to the gross pitaevskii equation which has to be ful lled by the singleparticle wave functions in order to minimize the total energy in the system. Ios press ebooks boseeinstein condensation in atomic gases. Because of the rapid thermalization of the two different atoms, the efficiency of the cooling process is high. Stringari bose einstein condensation international series of monographs on physics by l. Boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity oxford scholarship. Wieman 1995 produced the rst gaseous condensate nobel price of physics 2001 about boseeinstein condensation bec history of bec 4 28 c. A new state of matter 9 experimental techniques for bec the conditions required to achieve bose einstein condensation in gaseous medium poses various technical challenges. Boseeinstein condensation in dilute bose gases, cambridge university press 2002 l. Sandro stringari university of trento 1 introduction to bose einstein condensation 3. Theory of boseeinstein condensation in trapped gases. The mapping to a bose gas and the possibility of boseeinstein condensation in random networks predict the. Boseeinstein condensation represents a new state of matter and is one of the cornerstones of quantum physics, resulting in the 2001 nobel prize. This volume introduces the basic concepts of boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity.
I acknowledge the use of materials and slides from w. Wieman 1995 produced the rst gaseous condensate nobel price of physics 2001 about boseeinstein condensation bec history of bec 4 28 c stefan kienzle. Roomtemperature boseeinstein condensation of cavity. Grosspitaevskii equation in boseeinstein condensates. Sandro stringari university of trento introduction to boseeinstein condensation cnrinfm. Jan 19, 2010 bose einstein condensation of polaritons has been demonstrated from the longrange coherence of the emitted light, and the superfluidity properties of these nonequilibrium polariton gases are presently attracting a strong interest in both the experimental and the conceptual points of view. I a mean eld approach leads to the gross pitaevskii equation. The remainder is devoted specifically to the dilute alkali gases. Ketterle nobel lecture 2001 and his talk given at mits teachers program 240603. Bose einstein condensates of excitonpolaritons have been stabilized in a range of crystalline systems. Sandro stringari is an italian theoretical physicist, who has contributed to the theory of quantum manybody physics, including atomic nuclei, quantum liquids and ultracold atomic bose and fermi gases. We discuss the blochstate solutions of the stationary gross pitaevskii equation and of the bogoliubov equations for a bose einstein condensate in the presence of. The discovery of boseeinstein condensation mathematical description of bose einstein condensates experimental results boseeinstein condensation lukassebeke university of stuttgart.
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